The Soweto I Love Essay Example For Students

The Soweto I Love Essay I am going to compare and contrast two poems that have a common theme of peoples assumptions and racial stereotypes. The two poems are On Judgement Day by Sipho Sepamla and Telephone Conversation by Wole Soyinka.  The poet of On Judgement Day, Sipho Sepamla, was born in 1932 and died in 2007 on January 9th at 75 years old. He was a contemporary poet, who focused on South African lives, and novelist. Sipho lived most of his life in Soweto. He studied teaching which later led to him publishing a first volume of poetry, Hurry up to it! in 1975. He was active in the Black Consciousness movement and published a second poetry book The Soweto I Love it was banned by the Apartheid regime. We will write a custom essay on The Soweto I Love specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now He was also a founder of the Federated Union of Black Artists. The poet of Telephone Conversation, Wole Soyinka, is a Nigerian writer, poet and playwright. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1986, the first African to be so honoured. In 1994, he was designated United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Goodwill Ambassador for the promotion of African culture, human rights, freedom of expression, media and communication. The poem was later published in a book, The Literary/Political Philosophy of Wole Soyinka by Yemi D. Ogunyemi. The poem is about a telephone conversation which he had with his London landlady in 1962; this is also the year the poem was created. The two poems focus on the same basic theme of racial stereotypes and peoples assumptions of black people. On Judgement Day focused more on peoples assumptions about what kind of jobs black people should have and what kind of people they should be, so therefore racial stereotypes, this is shown very much in the first stanza and is a recurring theme that is brought up all through the poem. An example of this, from stanza 1 is the line black people are born singers, black people are born runners, black people are peace-loving, which is very presumptuous about black people suggesting they are all the same. Telephone Conversation is based mainly on the theme of racial discrimination, for that reason it then links with racial stereotypes as the woman in the poem is being racist because of what she assumes black people are like. An example from this poem of this theme is I am African Silence. She does not know what to say because of her preconceived idea of black people. The two poems are very different in the way they are read; Telephone Conversation is quite funny in the way that in can be interpreted, with Wole Soyinka using wit and sarcasm to get his point across, it still has a very strong message but is said in a much less serious way. For example when the woman on the phone asks if he is dark or light, he replies by saying You meanlike plain or milk chocolate?, which can be understood in a very condescending context to the woman, he is making fun of her and of how she judges people. It makes light of the situation even though he is most likely very fed up and upset about the way people are towards him. On Judgement Day is much more formal, serious and can be inferred as quite solemn; even its title is more serious in what it refers to. Also the poem is written in a more poetic way and isnt so obvious in the message it is trying to convey, you have to read more into what he is saying. For example the line and have writhed with the pain of humiliation, in the 3rd stanza, not only has the meaning that they have had shame because of apartheid or slavery but also because of their lack of freedom. Another difference in the two poems is the structure of them; On Judgement Day has a very formal structure that contains many gaps to give the reader a chance to pause and time to think about whats being said and to respond. .u5a7aaa080bf8e953f1811bd94b49823f , .u5a7aaa080bf8e953f1811bd94b49823f .postImageUrl , .u5a7aaa080bf8e953f1811bd94b49823f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5a7aaa080bf8e953f1811bd94b49823f , .u5a7aaa080bf8e953f1811bd94b49823f:hover , .u5a7aaa080bf8e953f1811bd94b49823f:visited , .u5a7aaa080bf8e953f1811bd94b49823f:active { border:0!important; } .u5a7aaa080bf8e953f1811bd94b49823f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5a7aaa080bf8e953f1811bd94b49823f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5a7aaa080bf8e953f1811bd94b49823f:active , .u5a7aaa080bf8e953f1811bd94b49823f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5a7aaa080bf8e953f1811bd94b49823f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5a7aaa080bf8e953f1811bd94b49823f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5a7aaa080bf8e953f1811bd94b49823f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5a7aaa080bf8e953f1811bd94b49823f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5a7aaa080bf8e953f1811bd94b49823f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5a7aaa080bf8e953f1811bd94b49823f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5a7aaa080bf8e953f1811bd94b49823f .u5a7aaa080bf8e953f1811bd94b49823f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5a7aaa080bf8e953f1811bd94b49823f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Franco Zeffirelli and Baz Luhrman EssayOnly once was the formality broken when the poet says my foot, which inputs a comment. Telephone Conversation has a very informal structure with sentences following onto the next line and only being broken by commas and speech being in all capitals. The tone in which the two poems are presented is quite different, as On Judgement Day is not very complex and although some of the context can be quite cryptic and you really have to read into it, it is still simply structured. Whereas in Telephone Conversation it comes across through the vocabulary that she is much less educated than him as his vocabulary is more complex and proper. In my opinion, I prefer Telephone Conversation as I think how Wole Soyinka talks back to the woman in a sarcastic and witty tone is funny, yet also gets the point across of not judging people before you know them, in a very good and different way. Furthermore, I like how she is judging him because she has the false stereotype of black people to be unintelligent, whereas in fact in this poem she is the one who is less educated as this is shown when he uses a more complex vocabulary and she becomes confused and doesnt understand. The two poems make me feel quite angry towards people of that time for being so judgemental and racist towards the Afrikaans and for making them feel like they werent of part of their own country, but at the same time they make you feel sorry for people, that they were so uneducated of different races and cultures that they closed their mind to other people.

Sample College Essay Writing

Sample College Essay WritingIn order to write a sample college essay, you will need to follow certain guidelines. By reading this article, you will be able to learn these guidelines. These guidelines are not an absolute, and are only recommended as a guideline and not the only or best way to write a sample college essay.First, you should always begin your paper by summarizing your topic. Since your purpose is to write a sample college essay, you should get yourself organized. The idea is to outline your topic before you start writing. This will help you get a clear picture of what you are writing about.After you have started writing, you should always summarize your thesis statement and briefly answer the question at the beginning of the paper. These two sentences will become the focal point of your entire paper. Do not proceed any further without writing this sentence. This is the point in which you will begin to take control of your paper. After you finish writing the first part of your sample college essay, you will be able to move forward confidently.Once you have completed your first section of the paper, you will then be able to read and react to the written work of other students. In order to complete your sample college essay, you should analyze their writing style of communication. This is very important because you will be learning from them. You can't just learn from the subject matter expert, but you should also learn from those students who write under a variety of conditions.Finally, when you are done with your sample college essay, you should try to come up with a conclusion that is based on your observations. Be careful to only add new data into your conclusion, but do not rush it. It is best to write a conclusion that is well thought out and unique, rather than a conclusion that is an attempt to find a single answer.Now that you know how to write a sample college essay, you can turn your attention to other writing assignments. Remember, the pur pose of this type of writing assignment is to allow you to be exposed to different types of writing styles and to give you the chance to become familiar with different types of essays.Finally, it is very important that you avoid plagiarism when you are trying to write a sample college essay. Plagiarism is when someone else uses your words without credit. When you are trying to write a sample college essay, you should never ever try to use another person's ideas or thoughts as your own.Lastly, remember that your goal is to write a sample college essay. As such, your entire purpose is to share your thoughts and experience with others. If you get caught plagiarizing, it will reflect poorly on you will not be able to communicate well.

Absenteeism at British Leyland

Absenteeism is simply defined as an individual’s frequent pattern of evasion from an obligation or duty. The behavior of absenteeism is normally evidenced in work places where some workers may decide to make absenteeism their habit.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Absenteeism at British Leyland specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are various reasons that could make workers be frequently absent from their duties Some of these reasons include sickness, which happens to be the most common among other reasons such as poor working conditions and laziness (Sagie, 1998, p.157). In most cases, people view absenteeism as an indication of poor performance. This is because absenteeism goes against the contractual agreement between the employer and the employee. This paper will therefore, focus on the issue of absenteeism in British Leyland by looking at the, behavioral theories of absenteeism, possible causes of absenteeism, technology of solving the problem, and the implementation of the solution at British Leyland. To begin with will be a discussion on the behavioral theories of absenteeism, which includes dynamic conflict, non-attendance, informal contract, social exchange, and withdrawal just to mention a few (Sagie, 1998, p. 162). All the aforementioned behavioral theories of absenteeism revolve around the relationship and agreement made between the employer and the employees. As such, absenteeism could be as a result of the forfeiture of the contractual agreement or it could lead to the breach of the contract depending on the situation. Just as many companies face the problem of absenteeism, so is British Leyland. Actually, Leyland is experiencing the highest rate of absenteeism according to a report by BBC Nation. From the report, it is depicted that more than double of the population is a victim of absenteeism. In fact, the rate per week from Monday to Friday is about 15 to 25 per cent. This high rate of absenteeism eventually leads to inefficiency in the productivity of the company hence the company operates on losses. According to the article, this high rate of absenteeism could be as a result of poor industrial relations with the workers making them absent themselves from work. The other as mentioned by one of the workers at British Leyland Company could be the legacy of the Liverpool’s dock system of labor.Advertising Looking for article on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Given the fact that the problem of absenteeism at British Leyland is at a high rate, a solution ought to be made in order to prevent the company from collapsing. The solutions to be made need to be of technical and social nature. First, the company should put in place a communication system through which the workers of the company can air their views regarding the working conditions in the company since they form the main reason of absenteeism. By installing an effective information communication technology, the company will be in a position of knowing the problems of the workers early in advance hence solving them before it could lead to problems such as absenteeism and go slows. Secondly, as it has been mentioned in the article the ‘Right To Work’ campaign is also another way that could be used to prevent incidences of absenteeism at British Leyland. There are various ways of implementing the solutions mentioned above. The company could add to their communication system an option for workers to give their complements or complains with regard to the working conditions in the company. This option could also give an opportunity for the workers to give their views on any improvements they would wish to be made by the company regarding their affairs in the company. Last but not least, the company should give the workers off duties among other incentive schemes as a way of motivati ng them hence preventing incidences of absenteeism (Riketta, 2002, p. 262). Reference List Riketta, M. (2002). Attitudinal organizational commitment and job performance: a meta- analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 257-266. Sagie, A. (1998). Employee Absenteeism, Organizational Commitment, and Job Satisfaction: Another look. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 52, 156-171.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Absenteeism at British Leyland specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This article on Absenteeism at British Leyland was written and submitted by user Javon Rojas to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Electronic Toll Collection Essays

Electronic Toll Collection Essays Electronic Toll Collection Essay Electronic Toll Collection Essay A  2. 45  GHz  RFID  System   for  Electronic  Toll   Collection B. Tech. Project by Praneeth  Tammiraju   04007032 Index 1. Introduction 2. RFID in ETC a. RFID – a review b. The actual role c. Technicalities in brief 3. The Reader Design a. The transceiver design b. Circuit description c. The PCB of the reader d. Programmability of the reader 4. The Transponder Design a. Broad Overview b. Redesigning rectifier 5. Communication Protocol 6. Conclusion 7. References 2 3 3 3 4 6 6 7 9 9 11 11 11 13 14 15 Introduction Tolling on roads and highways today is done mostly on a manual basis i. e. vehicles stop at a check gate and the toll is collected manually by authorized personnel. This poses a lot of problems such as traffic congestion, inefficient use of human resources, vast amount fuel and time wastage apart from, of course seeming very primitive in today’s world of automation. There are already methods in practice that attempt to automate the whole pr ocess. Systems that use installed video cameras that scan the license plates of the vehicles to identify the vehicles and initiate the tolling process are a viable solution but with their own problems in execution – the most important being the logistical diversity in the nature of vehicles which makes a universal protocol impossible. In this context, RFID puts forward a very efficient solution to the automation problem in the case of electronic toll collection. This document discusses the use of RFID in Electronic Toll Collection. It discusses the requirements of such an pplication and how RFID systems should be customized to meet these needs. It describes a circuit for the transceiver at frequency 2. 45 GHz and its interfacing with a computer. A brief note about the specifications of the antenna used and an introduction to the transponder design are made. 2 RFID in ETC RFID – a review The basic working of an RFID is well described in Fig. 1 below. Fig. 1: Schematic of an RFI D system [1] The actual role Given this background of RFID and its working, its application in toll collection becomes obvious. The use of RFID in tolling can be explained simply with the analogy of pre-paid mobile phone users. Every mobile phone user pays a certain amount of credit amount and gets a calling card. Now, whenever he makes a call, the stipulated amount of call charges is deducted from his credit amount. This is the basic idea of electronic toll collection. Vehicle owners pay some credit amount and get an RFID transponder or tag on which information as to the vehicle identity and credit amount is coded. This tag is stuck on the vehicle itself. Whenever the vehicle crosses a highway toll gate where RFID transceivers or readers are installed, the vehicle is identified with the help of communication between the readers and the tag and the information is passed onto the centralized network and database from where the toll amount is deducted. Ideally, this is a perfect remedy for manual toll collection where complete automation is possible. Still for purpose of policing and legal issues, video cameras can be installed for video confirmation of the vehicle and some personnel can be appointed to supervise the processes. 3 Fig. : Electronic Toll Collection [2] An improvement in this system could be if this installation is made in two stages i. e. if two gateways are installed some distance apart so that when a vehicle passes through the first gateway the tolling process is initiated and the toll deduction is confirmed at the second gateway whereby a check gate can be opened thereby enabling law enforcement and automation. Technica lities in brief The technical issues involved in building the above described system are [3]: The RFID reader at the gateway The RFID tag on the vehicle Proper communication between the above The network connectivity The RFID reader The RFID reader must be equipped enough to perform functions such as initiating information exchange with the in-vehicle tags and with the central database network simultaneously. This typically asks for an RF transceiver connected to microcontroller which is in turn connected to a computer interface. The detailed discussion on its design features is made ahead in this document. The RFID tag The RFID tag that is present inside the vehicle will preferably be an active tag i. e. it carries an on board power source like a battery. It also carries enough memory on it to store the identification information of the vehicle. Also, read-write capabilities must both be present on the tag. 4 Communication between the reader and the tag Electronic Toll Collection has as its primary objective the unobstructed passage of vehicles through the gateway. This implies the information exchange that needs to take place between the reader and the tag must occur even the vehicle speeds are of the order of nearly 80 kmph especially when the vehicles pass from a good distance of nearly 5 m – 8 m from the reader. This necessitates fast data transfer between the reader and the tag, typically of the order of 1 – 2 Mbps. At the same time, the open spaces usually encountered on highways minimize the trouble of obstructions in the line of sight. Under these conditions, a system that operates in the microwave region seems most conducive. The ISM band around 2. 45 GHz serves this purpose. Thus, the system to be discussed in this document is designed to be operational in the range of 2. 45 GHz. There is no standard protocol that is used universally in RFID applications in the range of 2. 5 GHz. Still, on studying the various automatic toll collection systems in place, it is understood that the IEEE standard 802. 11 could be used for the information exchange between the reader and the tag. The network connectivity The reader collects the data from the tag and it must then coordinate with the centralized database through a perpetual network so that toll deduction procedure is completed without g litches. This requires credible and fast network systems that offer similar data transfer rates so as to enable the passage of the vehicle without delay. The speeds of the network can, of course, be traded off with the distance between the two stages of the toll gateways. In cases of network failure, a backup buffer memory for the transactions must be present at the reader itself. Among the four critical technical issues mentioned here, this document describes in detail the RFID reader design. 5 The Reader Design The reader design can be broadly divided into two parts – the actual transceiver design and its interfacing with the computer through a serial port like MAX32 protocol. Here, only the transceiver design is concentrated upon while a diagram describing the interfacing with the computer is provided. The transceiver design This document describes the design of the transceiver made by the use of the industry-range chip CC2511f8 – an RF transceiver chip from Chipcon (now from Texas Instruments). This chip is chosen so as to enable RF communication at 2. 45 GHz and also because it suits our needs of data transfer speeds and power consumption. Fig. 3: Transceiver circuit using CC2511f8 [4] 6 Circuit description [4] The three most important parts of the circuit to be described are the biasing resistor, the RF impedance matching circuit and the USB connectivity circuit. The biasing resistor The resistor R271 is used to setup a biasing current accurately. The RF impedance matching As seen from the pins RF_N and RF_P, the impedance of the antenna circuitry must be Zout = 80 + j74 ? This is taken care of by the balun circuitry. The USB connection The resistors R262 and R263 near the pins DP and DM are used for impedance matching and the resistor R264 is used as a pull-up resistor. This resistor must be tied to the voltage provided by the USB bus itself. The typical values of the various elements used in the circuit are given below in Table 1. An important note should be made about the decoupling capacitors at the power source. Their values and placement very close to the supply is a critical issue in the performance of the reader. The antenna [5] The diagram shows an alternative solution for the antenna as a folded dipole PCB antenna as opposed to the shown 50 ? antenna. The characteristics of that antenna are given in the tables and figures to follow. 7 Table 1: Values of the components used in the circuit [4] Fig. 4: Folded dipole antenna circuit [5] Table 2: Folded Dipole properties [5] Table 3: Dimensions of the antenna [5] 8 The PCB design of reader Given below is a simplified design of a PCB which is ready to be plugged directly into computer through a USB connection. There were quite some issues faced in the design of this PCB which ideally should have been done in many layers to reduce the size and ease the physical utility. Considering experimental and laboratory utility, the physical dimensions of the PCB have been bloated and hence, the whole circuit has been accommodated in just two layers with the bottom layer being a complete ground plane. The commercial availability of the capacitors and inductors of the specified values and size was a major concern and hence, some minor modifications have been made while designing the PCB. Despite such extensive care taken to relatively ease this PCB’s manufacturability, physically making this PCB is still a tough job given the acutely narrow connections and dense packing of elements on the board. Programmability of the reader The reader consisting of CC2511f8 has some unique programming features such as direct programmability from a computer via USB connection. However, it needs a programmer/evaluation kit and a software named SmartRF from TI. If once programmed initially, the given circuit can then be used as a dongle for all information exchange with a computer. The programming is rather simple given the on-board microcontroller being an adapted version of 8051. Also, the chip provides elaborate programmability thanks to the various components like ADC, USB connector, I/O devices etc. eing on-board and controllable. The reader could have well been made of CC2500 which doesn’t have an on-board microcontroller and hence can be programmed via an external microcontroller in a much simpler fashion. However, this typically increases the complication of the circuitry and necessitates the usage of external components. This greatly limits the functionality of the reader. The USB connectivity is also greatly handicapped in such systems. Most importantly, though the initial costs of the reader with CC2511f8 are high due to the ost of the programmer, in the long run or for manufacturing purposes, it proves to be much cheaper than a reader with CC2500 and an attached 8051 microcontroller. 9 Fig. 5: The 2-layer design of the USB connectable reader using CC2511f32 Fig. 6: PCB layout and dimensions of the antenna 10 The Transponder Design Broad overview The design of the transponder is dealt in brief over here concentrating on the essentials. Its basic architecture is described vividly in the figure given below: Fig. 7: Transponder architecture [6] Redesigning rectifier Typically, it is expected to use an active tag for toll collection purposes as fast data rates and long ranges are mandatory. However, if we can have a good rectifier with high efficiency, passive tags can be a good option too as they would then make the whole system cost effective. An effort to throw light on one such possibility is made in this document. Consider the following rectifier design: Fig. 8: Rectifier design [6] 11 This rectifier has been tested for an efficiency of 37% [6] and thus, it makes it very much possible to use passive tags in the design of transponders for electronic toll collection. This design has added advantages of providing the possibility to predict the input power in order drive a specific DC current at a specific DC voltage. There is a lot of scope for further work on this architecture to specify the exact design of the transponder in the later stages of this project. 12 Communication Protocol The electronic toll collection systems use the back-scattering modulation techniques to establish tag-reader communication. This is achieved essentially by varying the reflection coefficient at the rectifier input. The reflection coefficient can be varied both in its amplitude and in its phase. Thus, both ASK and PSK are possible. In ASK the input impedance is switched between the matching and the reflecting values whereas in PSK the impedance reactive part it switched between two complex conjugate values [6]. Both ASK and PSK have their own advantages and disadvantages and their choice is a strict trade-off between the power used by the tag for its operations and the power reflected in back-scattering for communication with the interrogator. In order to accomplish multi-lane tolling, we need to ensure that anti-collision algorithms are in place. Usually TDMA protocol with Slotted-Aloha procedure is effective in road-tolling systems. 13 Conclusion This document has discussed a design of the 2. 45 GHz RFID system for the use of toll collection. The complete design of the reader is now ready to be built and tested and for the transponder, a design for an active tag was studied and a new design using the mentioned rectifier for a passive tag is proposed. The prime challenge in taking this project ahead would be the programmability of the new chip that was discussed as it requires a completely new programmer tool different from its previous RFID semiconductor counterparts. Alternate designs using the older chips can be accomplished but the cost and size reduction and the efficiency one can achieve with this CC2511f32 make the installation of the new programmer worthy for any scale of manufacture larger than laboratories. 14 References [1] O. Shoewu and O. Badejo, â€Å"Radio Frequency Identification Technology: Development, Application, and Security Issues† Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, Volume 7, Number 2, November 2006. www. akamaiuniversity. us/PJST7_2_144. pdf [2] www. quatech. com/applications [3] www. freepatentsonline. com/6639509-0-large. pg [4] Datasheet, â€Å"Low-Power SoC (System-on-Chip) with MCU, Memory, 2. 4 GHz RF Transceiver, and USB Controller†, CC2511f8, Texas Instruments. [5] Design Note, â€Å"Folded dipole for CC25xx†, DN004, Texas Instruments. [6] Jari-Pascal Curty, Norbert Joehl, Catherine Dehollain, Michel Declercq, â€Å"A 2. 45 GHz Remotely Powered RFID System†, Research in Microelectro nics and Electronics, 2005 PhD, Volume 1, 25-28 July 2005 Page(s):153 156 vol. 1. [7] U. S. Patent: Woo et al. , Dual Mode Electronic Toll Collection Transponder, U. S. Appl. No. 11/409,897, filed Apr. 24, 2006. [8] U. S. Patent: Tang, RF Transponder with Electromechanical Power, U. S. Appl. No. 11/054,520, filed Feb. 9, 2005. [9] U. S. Patent; Tang et al. , Method of Enabling Two-State Operation of Electronic Toll Collection System, U. S. Appl. No. 11/437,236, filed May 19, 2006. [10] Sabri Serkan Basat, â€Å"Design and Characterization of RFID modules in Multilayer Configurations†, etd. gatech. edu/theses/available/etd-11202006124610/unrestricted/basat_sabri_s_200612_mast. pdf [11] IEEE Standard 802. 11b-1999 R(2003) http://standards. ieee. org/getieee802/download/802. 11-1999. pdf 15

The Mongols Essays - Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan, Mongols

The Mongols Essays - Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan, Mongols The Mongols It has been said that the Mongols were the most cruel and barbaric of the peoples that have roamed this earth. My research paper is on the greatest of the Mongols, Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan was, even in the lightest sense, a military genius. Genghis Khan almost conquered the world. He instilled in humankind a fear that lasted for ages. But what drove him to do it? Was it by chance? This paper will explain how the general's childhood molded the man into the best war general of the known world. The Mongols originally consisted of loosely organized nomadic tribes. (Nomadic refers to a tribe whose members wander and travel around, never staying in one place very long). They were considered barbarians, by European standards. They had no written language, and they were uneducated, except in warfare. Their land was in the most sense barren, for it was the Gobi Desert. In the Gobi, weather could change at a moments notice, from scorching heat to blustering cold. To protect themselves from the unforgiving cold, the Mongols smeared themselves with oil and grease. This offered sufficient protection, but they had to still worry about the wind, for the desert was barren, and with no trees to divert the wind, the gusts were sometimes enough to make riding on horseback difficult. Their culture was very unique. In the spring, meat, fur, and milk were abundant. In the winter, however, it was not. The Mongols evidently did not care much for their children, for they did not sacrifice their food for them. Whenever food was brought in during the winter, all of it was put in the a pot and then the order of people got it. The order of people were - the able-bodied men taking the first portions, the aged and the women received the pot next, and the children had to fight for the rest (Lamb 23). When there was a shortage of cattle, the children didn't survive so easily. Milk, one of their chief sources of nutrition, existed only in the form of kumiss, milk put in leather satchels, fermented and beaten. It was nourishment, and also intoxicating, especially to a kid of three or four years (Lamb 26). Their fires were not fueled by wood, since trees were scarce in the desert. Instead, it was fueled by cattle and horse dung, which had to make for a certainly unpleasant smell. When festivals came about, as they rarely did, big piles of dung were lit and the same order of the eating applied to the fire, with the women sometimes being able to sit! on the left of the fire. The children were not introduced to hardship; they were born into it. After they were weaned from their mothers milk to mare's milk, they were expected to manage almost entirely for themselves. The children learned to live by themselves, in houses, called yurts and they learned to organize hunts, stalking dogs and rats, beating them with crude, blunt clubs and arrows. They also learned to ride sheep by holding on to the wool. The yurts were made of felt, animal skin shaved close, stretched over wooden sticks, with an opening at the top to let out the smoke. Page 3 The felt was covered with white lime, and pictures were drawn onto it. This tent was serviceable, for its dome shaped top allowed it to resist the high winds (Fox 29). Endurance was life for the young Genghis Khan, called at birth Temujin, or "The Finest Steel". It was a name given to him by his father, the name of an enemy taken prisoner. Temujin's father was the Khan of the Yakka, or Great, Mongols. He had control of over 47,000 tents and his name was Yesukai (Lamb 24). Temujin had numerous duties, just as did the other boys of the camp. They had to fish the streams that the family passed on their trek. They looked after the family's horses, learning out of necessity to stay in the saddle for several days at a time, and to survive without food for three to four days. The boys watched the skyline for raiders and spent many nights in the snow without a

Commonplace Books and Their Uses

Commonplace Books and Their Uses A commonplace book is a writers personal collection of quotations, observations, and topic ideas. Also known as topos koinos (Greek) and locus communis (Latin). Called florilegia (flowers of reading) in the Middle Ages, commonplace books were especially popular during the Renaissance and well into the 18th century. For some writers, blogs serve as contemporary versions of commonplace books. Examples and Observations It was none other than the foremost Humanist of his day, Erasmus, in his De copia of 1512, who set the mold for making commonplace books, in a passage advising how to store collections of illustrative examples in retrievable form. One should make oneself a notebook divided by place-headings, then subdivided into sections. The headings should relate to things of particular note in human affairs or to the main types and subdivisions of vices and virtues.-(Ann Moss, Commonplace Books. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric, ed. by T.O. Sloane. Oxford University Press, 2001)Cobbled together by literate people, commonplace books served as repositories for whatever someone thought fit to record: medical recipes, jokes, verse, prayers, mathematical tables, aphorisms, and especially passages from letters, poems, or books.(Arthur Krystal, Too True: The Art of the Aphorism. Except When I Write. Oxford University Press, 2011)Clarissa Harlowe. Have read 1/3 of. Long books, when read, are usually overpraised, because the reader wants to convince others and himself that he has not wasted his time.(E.M. Forster in 1926, excerpt from Commonplace Book, ed. by Philip Gardner. Stanford University Press, 1988) Reasons to Keep a Commonplace Book Professional writers still carry notebooks that resemble commonplace books. In keeping with this practice, we suggest that aspiring rhetors carry a notebook with them so that they can write down ideas that occur to them while they are engaged in doing other things. And when you are reading, or talking, or listening to others, you can use the notebook as a commonplace book, writing down comments or passages that you want to remember, copy, or imitate.(Sharon Crowley and Debra Hawhee, Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students. Pearson, 2004)The commonplace book derived its name from the ideal of a common place where useful ideas or arguments might be gathered. . . .[T]here are still good reasons for writers to keep commonplace books the old-fashioned way. In copying by hand a masterful construction from another writer, we can inhabit the words, grasp their rhythms and, with some luck, learn a little something about how good writing is made. . . .Author Nicholson Baker writes of keepi ng a commonplace book that it makes me a happier person: My own bristling brain-urchins of worry melt in the strong solvent of other peoples grammar. Its a lovely passage, and I couldnt help entering it into my own commonplace book.(Danny Heitman, A Personal Trove of Prose. The Wall Street Journal, October 13-14, 2012) William H. Gass on Ben Jonsons Commonplace Book When Ben Jonson was a small boy, his tutor, William Camden, persuaded him of the virtue of keeping a commonplace book: pages where an ardent reader might copy down passages that especially pleased him, preserving sentences that seemed particularly apt or wise or rightly formed and that would, because they were written afresh in a new place, and in a context of favor, be better remembered, as if they were being set down at the same time in the memory of the mind. Here were more than turns of phrase that could brighten an otherwise-gloomy page. Here were statements that seemed so directly truthful they might straighten a warped soul on seeing them again, inscribed, as they were, in a childs wide round trusting hand, to be read and reread like the propositions of a primer, they were so bottomed and basic.(William H. Gass, A Defense of the Book. A Temple of Texts. Alfred A. Knopf, 2006) Commonplace Books and the Web John Locke, Thomas Jefferson, Samuel Coleridge and Jonathan Swift all kept [commonplace] books, copying down proverbs, poems and other wisdom they encountered while reading. So did many women, often excluded from public discourse at the time. By appropriating others nuggets, writes cultural historian Robert Darnton, you made a book of your own, one stamped with your personality.In a recent Columbia University lecture, the writer Steven Johnson drew parallels between commonplace books and the web: blogging, Twitter and social bookmarking sites such as StumbleUpon are often held to have sparked a renaissance of the form. . . . As with commonplace books, this linking and sharing create not just a hodgepodge, but something coherent and original: When text is free to combine in new, surprising ways, new forms of value are created.(Oliver Burkeman, Make a Book of Your Own. The Guardian, May 29, 2010)

Marketing management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Marketing management - Assignment Example According to Michman, Mazze and Greco (114), market orientation refers to execution of promotion theories to provide a coordinated achievement of both personal and social goal within the organization. Market orientation also takes into consideration the move taken by rivals of the company and engages plans that will result to better performance than their rivals. The aim market orientation is to focus on the desires of the consumers and produce those products they desire while monitoring the actions of the rivals to ensure they don’t take over the market (Kwon, 76). Unilever is a London-based company dealing with consumer goods and have several branches in other different parts of the world (Hitt, Ireland & Hoskisson, 345). They have excellent management marketing that interconnect building of products name, carrying out promotion activities, developing new products , packaging and designing marketing approaches to generate cash for the organization. The company management has also incorporated market orientation in their managerial activities whereby the marketers scrutinize what their clients love and demand to know why they love it (Hitt, Ireland & Hoskisson, 411). This enables them to make the products that suit the needs of the